Daily Alert

Günther Jikeli and Joëlle Allouche-Benayoun, eds., Perceptions of the Holocaust in Europe and Muslim Communites

The indiscriminate mass immigration of Muslims to Europe has brought extremely negative consequences for most of its Jewish communities.
Share this
Jewish Political Studies Reivew

Table of Contents

Günther Jikeli and Joëlle Allouche-Benayoun, eds., Perceptions of the Holocaust in Europe and Muslim Communites: Sources, Comparisons and Educational Challenges, New York: Springer, 2013, 196pp.

This book consists mainly of a collection of essays based on lectures presented at a conference that took place in Paris in Paris in 2010. The first editor, Günther Jikeli, from Germany, is a promising young European scholar of antisemitism. The second, Joëlle Allouche-Benayoun, is Associate Professor and Researcher at Groupe Sociologies, Religions, Laïcités/Centre Nationale de Recherche Scientifique in France.

Several years ago, the examination of attitudes of European Muslims toward the Holocaust became a significant factor in understanding contemporary Muslim-Jewish relations. The importance of this endeavor, however, has decreased in light of the increase of violent antisemitic attacks perpetrated by Muslims in Europe, the reactions to such violence, or the lack of responses on the part of Muslim communities and officials. The murders of Jews by Muslims include: a Jewish teacher and three children in Toulouse, France by Muhammad Merah in March 2012;1 four people in an attack on the Brussels Jewish Museum in May 2014 by Mehdi Nemmouche from France who had spent a year as a jihadi in Syria;2 four Jews in a kosher supermarket in Paris by Amedy Coulibaly in January 2015;3 and a security guard of a Copenhagen synagogue by Omar el-Hussein in February 2015.4 Indeed, Sammy Ghozlan, head of the National Bureau for Vigilance against Antisemitism in France, has remarked that the vast majority of violent attacks against Jews in France are carried out by Muslims.5

Therefore, one must regard this study of attitudes of European Muslims toward the Holocaust against the background of the more urgent issue of increasing violence against the Jews of Europe. The book, however, is extremely useful because it provides a vast amount of information. Particularly important is its central message that seems to deny what scholars have referred to as the binary presence of Islamists and ordinary Muslims. In fact, Muslim communities in Europe are far more diversified and cannot be stereotyped. An additional contribution of this study is that it shows that many Muslims do not view the history of European countries, of which the Holocaust is an essential part, as their own, because their ancestors did not live in Europe during the period of the Holocaust. This type of reasoning is important because minority groups that aspire to integrate successfully into majority society usually adopt major elements of the history of their new country of residence as part of their own.

Like most other books based on conference lectures, the quality of the articles varies. Michael Whine, of the Community Security Trust in the United Kingdom, is one of the few experts familiar with antisemitism and terrorism in Europe. He mentions Muslim organizations and leaders that have chosen to participate in Holocaust commemorations as well as those who have avoided or refused to attend. This varies from country to country. Furthermore, Whine points out that the overwhelming consensus among Muslims is that while the Holocaust did take place, Israel and the Zionist media exaggerate the number of Jews who perished. (38)

Rifat N. Bali adds to our insight with regard to Turkish attitudes toward Jews and Israel. In his essay on the perceptions of the Holocaust in Turkey, Bali explains that while Turkish media, politicians and civil elites frequently refer to the genocide of the Jews, the word Holocaust, as such, is not used. Turkish scholars often use the term “Nazi Holocaust” in order to avoid any comparison with Turkish massacres of Armenians during World War I.

Günther Jikeli discusses his research on the perceptions of the Holocaust among young Muslims in Berlin, Paris and London. His findings have been published in his doctoral dissertation.6 He also deals with the problem of falsely equating the Holocaust with the suffering of the Palestinians under Israeli rule. One of his conclusions is that “if young Muslims think that hostile attitudes toward Jews are common in their communities, they might adopt such attitudes that also influence their views on the Holocaust, even if that contradicts knowledge they have learned in school.” (127-128) This typical example of groupthink represents the misperception prevailing at universities. Junior lecturers in a department dominated by senior anti-Israel professors often adopt their viewpoints.

Julianne Wetzel is a senior researcher and member of the academic staff at The Center for Research on Anti-Semitism at the Technical University of Berlin. She addresses the complex subject of antisemitism and Holocaust remembrance in Germany. Wetzel mentions that false comparisons between the Holocaust and the politics of Israel’s government are not the prerogative only of the far right, the far left, anti-globalization groups and immigrants. She correctly asserts that: “This demonization is also being used increasingly in the mainstream discourse and finds its expression in the media.” (24) In fact, recent studies show that at least 40 percent of the Germans believe that Israel is conducting a war of extermination against the Palestinians.7

Somewhat beyond the framework of the book is an article entitled, “History and Memory of the Other: An Experimental Encounter- Programme with Israeli Jews and Palestinians from Israel,” by Professor Monique Eckmann of the School of Social Work at the University of Applied Sciences, Western Switzerland, in Geneva. She describes a case study, based upon confronting Palestinians and Jews with each other’s memories. The article raises questions about the number of essential historical facts that are omitted, probably intentionally, in order to undertake such projects, such as the genocidal attitudes of leading Palestinians toward Jews before, during and after World War II and the role of Hajj Amin al-Husseini, Mufti of Jerusalem, and their impact upon contemporary attitudes in the Palestinian parliament’s majority faction, namely Hamas. Another important historical fact, absent from this project, is the massive immigration to Israel of Jews who fled persecution in Arab countries. They have been integrated into Israeli society fairly successfully.

The one article in this book that the reviewer finds objectionable is “‘Hamas, Hamas, All Jews to the Gas’: The History and Significance of an Antisemitic Slogan in the Netherlands, 1945-2010,” by Eveliën Gans. Gans may best be described as part-historian, part-manipulator of history and part-pro-Palestinian propagandist. For example, she claims that the Second Intifada began because of the visit by opposition leader Ariel Sharon to the Temple Mount in September 2000. (87) As early as 2001, Palestinian Communications Minister Imad Faloudji declared that the Intifada had been planned in advance and was not caused by Sharon’s visit to the Temple Mount.8 Oddly enough, although more than a decade has passed, Gans continues to spread this false anti-Israel libel.

In addition, Gans consistently misquotes the reviewer’s work. Although I exposed her manipulations of my statements in 2011 in a major Dutch daily,9 she persists in arguing that I stereotypically depicted former Amsterdam Mayor Job Cohen as a “cowardly, treacherous, non-Jewish Jew.” (95) I never called Cohen cowardly or treacherous, and as far as the phrase “non-Jewish Jew” is concerned, on various occasions, Cohen himself has stated in major Dutch media that he is a Jew for whom Judaism means nothing.10

Other authors included in the book are: Georges Bensoussan, Esther Webman, Philip Spencer, Sara Valentina Di Palma, Remco Ensel, Annemarike Stremmelaar, Mehmet Can, Karoline Georg and Ruth Hatlapa.

To sum up, this anthology provides convincing proof that the indiscriminate mass immigration of Muslims to Europe has brought extremely negative consequences for most of its Jewish communities.11

* * *

Notes

1 Murray Wardrop, Chris Irvine, Raf Sanchez, and Amy Willis, “Toulouse Siege as It Happened,” The Telegraph, 22 March 2012.

2 Scott Sayare, “Suspect Held in Jewish Museum Killings,” The New York Times, 1 June 2014.

3 “Four dead at Paris kosher market after raid; one hostage taker on the run, Hebdo gunman killed,” The Jerusalem Post, 9 January 2015.

4 “Jewish man killed in Copenhagen synagogue attack laid to rest,” Haaretz, 18 February 2015.

5 “Report: Gang of youths taser French Jew at Paris monument,” JTA, 11 June 2014.

6 Günther Jikeli, Antisemitismus und Diskriminierungswahrnehmungen junger Muslime in

Europa (Essen: Klartext, 2012). [German]

7 For example, see: http://www.leipziger-buchmesse.de/media/programm/israel/Bertelsmann-Studie_Deutschland_und_Israel_heute_web_dt_final.pdf page 40, http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/do/07908-20110311.pdf and http://www.fes-gegen-rechtsextremismus.de/pdf_14/FragileMitte-FeindseligeZustaende.pdf

8 Clément Weill Raynal, “L’Agence France Presse: le récit contre les faits,” Observatoire du monde juif, No. 2, March 2002 [French].

9 Manfred Gerstenfeld, “Laffe Jood, Joodse Zelfhaat dat zijn niet mijn woorden, NRC-Handelsblad 21 January 2011. [Dutch]

10 ‘Job Cohen richt pijlen op rechts,’ uitzending NOVA, 7 June 2010. [Dutch]

11 Manfred Gerstenfeld, “Muslim Anti-Semitism in Europe,” Journal for the Study of Antisemitism, 5, 1 (2013).

Dr. Manfred Gerstenfeld

Dr. Manfred Gerstenfeld is emeritus chairman (2000-2012) of the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. The author was given the Lifetime Achievement Award by the <em>Journal for the Study of Antisemitism</em>, and the International Leadership Award by the Simon Wiesenthal Center. His latest book is <em>The War of a Million Cuts: The Struggle against the Delegitimization of Israel and the Jews, and the Growth of New Anti-Semitism</em> (2015). His previous books include <em>Europe’s Crumbling Myths: The Post-Holocaust Origins of Today’s Anti-Semitism</em>; <em>Judging the Netherlands: The Renewed Holocaust Restitution Process, 1997-2000</em>; and <em>The Abuse of Holocaust Memory: Distortions and Responses</em>.
Share this

Subscribe to Daily Alert

The Daily Alert – Israel news digest appears every Sunday, Tuesday, and Thursday.

Related Items

Stay Informed, Always

Get the latest news, insights, and updates directly in your inbox—be the first to know!

Subscribe to Jerusalem Issue Briefs
The Daily Alert – Israel news digest appears every Sunday, Tuesday, and Thursday.







Notifications

The Jerusalem Center
What makes a child believe killing a #Jew is justified?

In PA textbooks, Jews are called liars and frauds; their fate: elimination. This is #indoctrination—not #education. But change is happening. On East to West, @IMPACT_SE CEO Marcus Sheff exposes how #UNRWA-funded schools are fueling extremism—and what real reform looks like.  Listen now on Spotify: open.spotify.com/show/2JHqh973U  Watch on YouTube: youtu.be/8OkJTGNfVUc

11:43am
The Jerusalem Center
Highlights from the @Jerusalem_Post Annual Conference in NYC:

Dr. @Dan_Diker, President of the JCFA: “October 7 wasn’t just an attack on Israel — it was a blow to the U.S. on Israeli soil. It demands moral clarity and a united front between Israel and the U.S. to defeat jihadist terror.”

2:20pm
The Jerusalem Center
@XAVIAERD says it like it is

Well, @XAVIAERD says it like it is: If you’re part of “#Queers for #Palestine,” he’ll pay for your flight to #Gaza. Go see for yourself how they treat LGBTQ+ people over there. Don’t miss this bold take on the Israel-Hamas war and the woke right.

2:32pm
The Jerusalem Center
“This isn’t Israel vs. Hamas — it’s the frontline of the free world.”

“This isn’t Israel vs. Hamas — it’s the frontline of the free world.” On Our Middle East by @JNS_org, @Dan_Diker@KhaledAbuToameh (JCFA/@GatestoneInst) break it down: If Hamas isn’t crushed, Iran wins. The jihadis—from #Gaza to your campus—get the green light. Diker: “This war is for the West.” No fluff. No filters. Just raw insight from two insiders who actually know what’s going on.  Watch: youtu.be/4Aq_zcbb4Yo

2:15pm
The Jerusalem Center
5/5 Lt. Col. Kalo on East to West with @smartinezamir:

“This operation showcases Israel’s strategic intelligence superiority both regionally and globally. It demonstrates the moral commitment to recovered soldiers and also strengthens Israel’s position with allies.” youtube.com/watch?v=nIvNNi

2:07pm
The Jerusalem Center
4/5 The operation built on intelligence gathered during the 2019 #Baumel recovery

#Mossad agents operated under cover in #Syria for years, visiting a graveyard multiple times under fire to collect remains for DNA matching. The intelligence community’s evolution combines technology, big data analysis, and human intelligence capabilities.

2:02pm
The Jerusalem Center
3/5 This recovery coincided with the release of Israeli hostage Edan Alexander

This recovery coincided with the release of Israeli hostage Edan Alexander from #Hamas in #Gaza, significantly boosting national morale amid an ongoing conflict now stretching over 18 months. The dual successes demonstrate #Israel‘s unwavering commitment to bringing all soldiers home.

1:58pm
The Jerusalem Center
2/5 The operation used the power vacuum following #Assad’s fall from #Damascus

Lt. Col. Avi Kalo, former head of IDF Prisoners & Missing Persons Division, calls it “an outstanding event that brings hope and new spirit to the people of Israel.” The operation utilized the power vacuum following #Assad‘s fall from #Damascus, allowing #Israeli intelligence to deploy ground capabilities in #Syria.

1:56pm
The Jerusalem Center
1/5 Israeli forces recovered the remains of Sergeant First Class Zvi Feldman

In an unprecedented operation, Israeli forces have recovered the remains of Sergeant First Class Zvi #Feldman, missing since the 1982 Battle of Sultan Yacoub. The complex #Mossad mission was conducted deep within #Syrian territory, 43 years after his disappearance. This follows the successful 2019 recovery of Zachary #Baumel from the same battle.

1:54pm
The Jerusalem Center
A molotov attack on a bus = a “barbecue party”?

That’s what #Palestinian kids are being taught under @UNRWA  — from grade school to graduation. This isn’t education. It’s indoctrination. Marcus Sheff of @IMPACT_SE  breaks it down with @smartinezamir

12:51pm

Close